Narcotics users can develop tolerance, as well as psychological and
physical dependence to opioids when they take them over an extended
period of time.
- Tolerance refers to a decreased response to a drug, with increasing doses required to achieve comparable effects.
- Psychological dependence refers to compulsive drug use in which a person uses the drug for personal satisfaction, often in spite of knowing the health risks.
- Physical dependence occurs when a person stops using the narcotic but experiences a withdrawal syndrome (or set of symptoms).
- Signs and symptoms of narcotic abuse
- analgesia (feeling no pain),
- sedation,
- euphoria,
- respiratory depression (shallow breathing),
- small pupils, bloodshot eyes,
- nausea, vomiting,
- itching skin, flushed skin,
- constipation,
- slurred speech,
- confusion, poor judgment, and
- needle marks on the skin.
- Anxiety
- Irritability
- Craving for the drug
- Increased respiratory rate (rapid breathing)
- Yawning
- Runny nose
- Salivation
- Gooseflesh
- Nasal stuffiness
- Muscle aches and pains
- Nausea or vomiting
- Abdominal cramping
- Diarrhea
- Sweating
- Confusion
- Enlarged pupils
- Tremors
- Lack of appetite
- Infections of the skin and deeper layers
- Abscesses in skin, lungs, and brain
- Infection of the heart valves
- Pneumonia
- Fluid in the lungs
- Liver dysfunction
- Intestinal slowdown
- Seizures
- Coma and other neurological complications
- Infectious arthritis
- Loss of menstrual cycle
- Overdose and death
- Premature and growth-retarded infants
- Neonatal withdrawal: Up to 70% of babies delivered from pregnant women who use narcotics experience neonatal withdrawal, a potentially fatal condition.
- Memory problems
- People who use narcotics or other drugs of abuse and are interested in quitting should contact their doctor or local hospital for information on how to get involved with a detoxification and addiction recovery program.
- Any person suspected of narcotic overdose requires immediate medical attention and must be taken to a hospital's emergency department.
- The main physical signs of narcotic overdose are small pupils and respiratory depression (shallow breathing) that can lead to decreased oxygen in the blood, coma, and death.
- Street methods of overdose resuscitation, such as packing the person in ice or injecting milk or saliva, do not work.